Mu bikoresho vy'amashanyarazi n'imigambi y'amashanyarazi, "umutekano" wama ari umurongo utukura udashobora guca. Ku bijanye n’icemezo c’umutekano w’amashanyarazi,Icemezo ca ULnta gukeka ko ari "ikimenyetso c'inzahabu" muri iyo nganda. Uyu musi, reka tuganire cane ku ma waya afise icemezo ca UL (yitwa "UL wires" muri make) - ni ayahe nyabuna? Ni kuki vyoba ikigereranyo c’umutekano cemewe kw’isi yose? Kandi ni mu bihe ibihe bishobora gukoreshwa?
Mbere, nutahure: Icemezo ca UL ni iki nyabuna?
Imbere yo kuganira ku nsinga za UL, birakenewe ko tubanje gusobanura "agaciro" k'icemezo ca UL. UL, izina ryayo ryose ni Underwriters Laboratories, yashinzwe mu 1894 kandi ni kimwe mu bigo vya mbere kandi bifise ububasha vy’ugutanga icemezo c’umutekano kw’isi yose. Intumbero yayo nyamukuru ni ugusuzuma biciye mu bipimo vya siyansi no gusuzuma nimba ico kintu gihuye n’ingingo ngenderwako z’umutekano no kugabanya ingorane z’umutekano nk’umuriro n’umuyagankuba.
Udakunze ingingo ngenderwako zimwe zimwe z'ishirahamwe "zishimagiza", icemezo ca UL gifata ingingo ngenderwako z'inganda zifunguye kandi zikomeye (nk'akarorero, ingingo ngenderwako ya UL 62 ni ingingo ngenderwako y'ishimikiro yihariye ku nsinga n'imirongo bishobora guhinduka), kandi igikorwa cose co gutanga icemezo kiraheza kigakorwa n'uwundi muntu ata kwizigira uwundi muhinguzi. Ku bw’ivyo, ivyo bivamwo birafise icizigiro gikomeye cane. Imenyekana cane muri Amerika ya ruguru, mu Buraya no mu bihugu vyinshi n’uturere two kw’isi yose.
UL wires: Si "kugira icemezo" gusa.
Uburyo bwo gutanga icemezo: "urugero-ku -urugero rwo gusuzuma" kuva ku bikoresho bitagira agaciro gushika ku bicuruzwa bimaze
Uburyo bwo kwemeza amawaya ya UL bushobora kudondorwa nk'"ubukomeye", ahanini harimwo aya mahuza y'ingenzi
Isubiramwo ry'ibikoresho vya mbere
Ibikoresho nyamukuru vy’intsinga - zijana umuyagankuba (nk’umuringa, aluminium, n’ibindi), ibipande vy’ivyuma (nk’ivya PVC, XLPE, n’ibindi), ibipande vy’ivyuma, n’ibindi. - vyose bitegerezwa kuba bihuye n’ingingo ngenderwako z’ibikoresho vyategekanijwe na UL, nk’ubushobozi bwo gutwara umuyagankuba n’ubushuhe bw’ivyuma bijana umuyagankuba. Amashirahamwe asabwa gutanga raporo z’igenzura ry’uburyo bw’ibikoresho vya mbere no kwemera igenzura ry’imburakimazi.
Gucungera uburyo bwo guhingura
UL izokora igenzura ry’imirongo y’ibikorwa vy’ibigo vy’ubuhinga kugira ngo imenye neza ko uburyo bwo gukora, ukuri kw’ibikoresho, n’uburyo bwo kugenzura uburyo bihuye n’ibisabwa, no kwirinda ko ibicuruzwa bidakurikiza amategeko kubera ukunyuranya kw’ibikorwa.
Igerageza rikomeye ry'ibicuruzwa bimaze
Iyi ni yo ntambwe nyamukuru y’ugutanga icemezo. Ivyo bikoresho vyo kugerageza birimwo imice yose y’umutekano, nk’iki: ikigeragezo co guhangana n’ubushuhe (kugira ngo ugenzure ukuntu amawaya ashobora guhangana n’ubushuhe mu bidukikije bifise ubushuhe bwinshi), ikigeragezo co guhangana n’umuriro (kugira ngo ntihagire umuriro ushobora gusenyuka no gusohoka), ikigeragezo co guhagarika umuriro (kugira ngo ucereze umuriro no kugabanya ukurekura kw’intsinga (kugira ngo ugabanye ukurekura kwa fixito) inkomezi z’ugufatanya hagati y’ibikoresho bijana umuyagankuba n’ibipande vy’umuyagankuba), n’ibindi. Icemezo ca UL kironke.
Gukurikirana-ugukurikirana no kugenzura
Icemezo ca UL si umuti w'igihe kimwe-. Ishirahamwe ry’ugutanga icemezo rizokwama risuzuma ibigo kandi rikore ivyigwa vy’ivyerekanwa ku bicuruzwa bimaze gukorwa. Igihe igicuruzwa kibonetse ko -kidahuye n'ingingo mfatirwako, icemezo kizoca gihagarara canke kigakurwaho kugira ngo igicuruzwa gikomeze kuba ciza.
Inyungu nyamukuru: Kubera iki wobanza guhitamwo amawaya ya UL?
Umutekano nk'urusenga rwo gukingira, kugabanya ingorane
Ivyo ni vyo bihambaye kuruta ibindi vyose ku nsinga za UL. Amaze gukorwako ibigeragezo vy’ingero nyinshi-nk’ubushobozi bwo guhagarika urubeya, ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’ubushuhe n’ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’umuvuduko, ubushobozi bwo gusohoka, guca mu nzira ngufi n’umuriro mu gihe ikoreshwa vyaragabanutse cane. Cane cane mu bibanza vy’abantu benshi canke vy’amashanyarazi menshi nk’amazu, amaduka, n’amahinguriro, amawaya ya UL arashobora kugabanya ingorane z’umuriro w’amashanyarazi uva aho uva.
Uburyo buhamye n'ubuzima buramba
Icemezo ca UL kigenzura cane ibikoresho vya mbere n’ingene bikoreshwa bituma intsinga ziguma zihuye kandi zidahungabana. Nk’akarorero, igipande co gukingira umuriro ntigishobora gusaza canke ngo kimeneke, kandi ubushobozi bw’ico gikoresho co gukingira umuriro buraguma bushikamye igihe kirekire. Ivyo bisigura ko ubuzima bw’intsinga za UL akenshi bumara igihe kirekire kuruta ubw’intsinga zisanzwe, ivyo bikaba bigabanya amahera n’ingorane zo kuzibungabunga no kuzisubirira mu nyuma.
Bikoreshwa kw'isi yose, kohereza hanze amaganya-ubuntu
Icemezo ca UL kirafise icubahiro kinini cane kw’isi yose, cane cane kw’isoko ryo muri Amerika y’Uburaruko, aho hafi ari ngombwa ko ibikoresho vy’amashanyarazi bikoresha intsinga zifise icemezo ca UL. Iyo ibikoresho bikoreshwa n’ishirahamwe bikeneye gushorwa hanze, gukoresha intsinga za UL birashobora kugabanya cane intambamyi z’ubudandaji no kwongera ubushobozi bw’ivyo bikoresho bwo guhangana n’isoko.
Ivyagezwe bitomoye bituma uguhitamwo kutagira amaganya-ubusa
Hariho urugero rumwe rw'amazina y'imirongo ya UL, nka "UL 1007", "UL 1015", n'ibindi. Ivyerekeye umurongozi, uburebure bw'ivyuma bizibira, n'ingero z'ubushuhe (nk'ingero 80 , 105℃) zihuye n'umurongo umwe umwe biragaragara neza. Abakoresha barashobora guhitamwo ubwoko bivanye n'ivyo bakeneye vy'ukuri batababajwe n'ingorane y'"ugushira ikimenyetso c'ibinyoma".
Ivyo bishobora gukoreshwa ku nsinga za UL: Ivyo bibanza bitegerezwa gukoreshwa neza
Ni kubera nyene umutekano wayo n’ugushikama kwayo ko intsinga za UL zifise uburyo bwinshi bwo gukoreshwa, cane cane mu mirima isaba umutekano mwinshi .
umurima w'abasivile
Ivyuma vy’amasokete n’ugufatanya amatara mu gushaza inzu, cane cane ahantu hari ubukonje n’ubushuhe bwinshi nk’ibikoni n’ibibanza vyo kwogeramwo; Hariho kandi n’intsinga zifatanya imbere mu bikoresho vyo mu nzu, nk’ibikoresho bikoresha umuyaga, amafirigo, amashini yo gumesa, n’ibindi.Ibikoresho vyinshi vyo mu nzu vy’agaciro kanini-bizokoresha intsinga za UL kugira ngo bibe vyiza.
ubucuruzi
Mu bibanza vya bose nk’amaduka maninimanini, inyubakwa z’ibiro be n’amahoteli, amatara, amawaya y’ibikoresho vyo gutuma umuyaga ugera mu nzu, be n’imirongo y’amashanyarazi y’ivyihutirwa, biraba vyinshi cane. Iyo habaye impanuka y’umuyagankuba, ingaruka zizoba nyinshi cane, kandi amawaya ya UL ni ibikoresho bisanzwe.
umurima w'inganda
Ivyo bikoresho vyo gukora mu mahinguriro, imirongo y’ugukoranya ibintu yikoresha, amawaya yo mu mutima y’amasandugu yo gutanga, n’ibindi, mu bidukikije vy’inganda, akenshi haba ibintu bikomeye vyo gukora nk’ubushuhe bwinshi, amabara y’amavuta, n’uguhungabana. Uguhangana n’ibihe n’ugushikama kw’intsinga za UL birahuye n’ivyo bisabwa bikomeye.
Ivyoherezwa hanze ibikoresho
Ivyuma vy’ubuhinga bwa none, ibikoresho vy’ubuvuzi, ibikoresho vy’itumanaho, n’ibindi vyoherezwa muri Amerika ya ruguru, Uburayi, Aziya y’amajepfo n’ibindi bice bitegerezwa gukoresha amawaya yemejwe na UL-kugira ngo bihure n’amategeko agenga umutekano yo mu karere.
Igihe uhitamwo amawaya ya UL, wirinde ivyo 2 bikunze gutahura nabi
ng'ibi inama 2 zo kugura
Kwemera "icemezo gitegekanijwe" no kwanka "ibimenyetso vy'ibinyoma"
Hariho abacuruzi bakeyi b’abanyaruyeri mw’isoko bazoshirako ibimenyetso vy’ibinyoma vya UL. Igihe ugura, urashobora kumenya amakuru y’icemezo c’ico kintu biciye ku rubuga rwemewe rwa UL (winjize inomero y’icemezo canke izina ry’ishirahamwe) kugira ngo wemeze nimba ari igicuruzwa cemewe ku mugaragaro.
Hitamwo akarorero ushingiye ku vyo ukeneye. Sivyo ko "uko bizimvye niko bigenda neza".
UL wires z’ibigereranyo bitandukanye zifise ubushobozi butandukanye bwo guhangana n’ubushuhe, ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’umuriro n’ibisobanuro vy’umurongozi. Nk'akarorero,UL 1007(n’ubushuhe bwo guhangana n’ubushuhe bwa degre 80 ) akenshi birahagije mu gushaza inzu, mu gihe mu bibanza vy’ubushuhe bwinshi-bw’inganda, ibigereranyo bishobora guhangana n’ubushuhe bwa degre 125 canke birenze bikwiye gutorwa. Nta nkenerwa yo gukurikirana ataco ubona ibigereranyo vy'igiciro kinini-.
Mu gusozera, agaciro nyamukuru ka .ULwires iri mu "guhinduranya ingingo ngenderwako zikomeye ku bijanye n'umutekano". Yaba ari ugushaza mu nzu, gukora amashirahamwe canke kwohereza ibintu hanze, guhitamwo intsinga za UL ni ugushimika ku mutekano kandi no gutuma igiciro c’ikoreshwa ry’igihe kirekire-kigenda neza. Nakare, mu bijanye n'ubuhinga bw'amashanyarazi, "umutekano" ni co kintu cama gifise akamaro kuruta ibindi vyose.
