Iyo tuvuga ivy’imiduga y’Abayapani, ibimenyetso nk’ivy’ugukoresha neza amavuta, ukwizigirwa n’ugukoresha umwanya munini vyama biza mu muzirikanyi. Ariko abantu bake ni bo babonye ko "intwari itavugwa" iri inyuma y'izo nyungu ariNippon Igikoresho c'Imodoka. Kubera ko ari co "nerve centre" y'umuyagankuba w'imodoka, ni nk'imitsi myiza y'amaraso, ihuza ibihimba vyose vy'umuyagankuba nka moteri, igikoresho co gukoresha, n'amatara y'imbere. Uyu musi, reka dushire hejuru igipfukisho ku bijanye n’akabanga k’umurongo w’imiduga y’Abayapani maze turabe ikiyigira ibuye ry’imfuruka rihambaye ry’uburyo bw’imiduga y’Abayapani.
1.Ni igiki gisanzwe mu Buyapani mu bijanye n'amawiring y'imodoka?
Mu "Umugozi w'imodoka y'Abayapani" ni, nk'uko izina ribivuga, umurongo wo gukora imodoka ukurikije ivyagezwe vy'ubuhinga vyashizweho n'Ishirahamwe ry'Ivy'Imiduga ryo mu Buyapani (JASO). Ivyagezwe nyamukuru vy'ishingiro birimwo JASO D608, D609, D611, n'ibindi. 3406 1993. Ivyo vyiyumviro ntivyashizweho ata co bimaze; ahubwo ni ingaruka y’ugukomeza gutuma ibintu bigenda neza mu bijanye n’iterambere ry’ubuhinga bw’imiduga bwo mu Buyapani bwamaze imyaka ijana bushingiye ku mice y’ikirere yo mu karere, ibiranga imodoka be n’ivyo abazikoresha bakeneye.
Ugereranije n’ivyo .Igishinwa, Itegeko ry'ikidagikandiItegeko ry'Abanyamerika, ikintu kidasanzwe mu buryo bw'ubuhinga bw'Abayapani ni "uguhindura neza". Mu Buyapani, ubushuhe bwo mu ci buraba bwinshi kandi ubukonje buraba bwinshi, mu gihe amabarabara yo mu bisagara ari make. Ivyo bisaba ko amawaya y’imodoka adashobora gusa guhangana n’ibidukikije bikomeye cane, ariko kandi akagira n’ivyo amawaya y’imodoka zikomeye asabwa. Kuva ku guhitamwo ibikoresho vya mbere, uburyo bwo kubikora gushika ku gusuzuma uburyo bimeze, ingingo ngenderwako y’Ubuyapani yarashizeho uburyo bwo gukora bushitse. Nk’akarorero, bisaba neza ko ibimenyetso vy’imirongo vyerekana neza uwubikora, ivyo bimenyetso be n’ibigereranyo vyavyo, kugira ngo bibe vyiza gushiramwo no gucungera. Uwo murongo w’ingingo mfatirwako ukomeye ni wo nyene utuma amawaya y’imiduga y’Abayapani yizigirwa.
2.Ivyiza bine nyamukuru: Gutahura "ubusumbasumbane" bw'umurongo w'imodoka zigenewe
Nimba urugero ari rwo rufatiro, rero inyungu zidasanzwe z’ubuhinga ni inyama n’amaraso y’Igikoresho c’Imodoka c’Iciyumviro. Mu kugereranya intsinga zisanzwe zivuye mu turere dutandukanye, ivyiza vyayo vyibanda ku mice ine, imwe yose ikaba ihuye neza n’ibisabwa nyamukuru vy’ikoreshwa ry’imodoka.
Imodoka z’Abayapani ahanini zifise imodoka zikomeye cane, zifise ibihimba vyinshi vy’umuyagankuba imbere kandi zifise umwanya muto cane wo gushiramwo amawaya. Imodoka za Nissan zarahinduye neza cane uburyo bwo guhinduranya ivyuma bifata umuriro be n’ibikoresho vyo gukingira umuriro kugira ngo zishobore guhindura ibintu vyinshi kuruta ibindi bikoresho vyinshi bisa n’ivyo. Nk’akarorero, ivyitegererezo bisanzwe nk’AVSSkandiAVSgukoresha intsinga z'umuringa zifise imirongo myinshi-n'imigero y'ibikingira inkuta ndende, bikaba bishoboza gukoresha intsinga zishobora guhinduka mbere no munsi y'imirongo mito cane y'ugupfukama. Ivyo ntibirinda gusa ingorane zo kwonona mu gihe co gushiramwo ibintu, ariko kandi biratuma haba umwanya mwinshi wo gukora neza imbere mu nzu. Ivyo bigaragara cane cane mu bibanza bikomeye vy'amashanyarazi nk'ibipande vy'ibikoresho n'inzugi, bikaba bituma iba "umukiza mu bibanza bike".
Mu Buyapani, ubushuhe akenshi burarenga degre 35 mu ci, kandi iyo imodoka zimaze gushikirwa n'izuba, ubushuhe bwo mu nzu burashobora kurenga degre 80 . Ivyo bisaba ibisabwa bikomeye ku bijanye n’ubushuhe bw’intsinga z’imodoka. Intsinga z'imodoka za JTS zigumya ubushuhe buhoraho kuva kuri degre -40 gushika kuri degre 125 . Ivyitegererezo bimwebimwe vy’agaciro kanini, nk’ivyoAEXurutonde, ukoreshe ibikoresho vy'ukwikingira vy'umusaraba-bifatanye, bifise urugero rwo guhangana n'ubushuhe rushika kuri degre 120 . Yaba mu gihe c’imbeho ikaze mu buraruko canke mu ci gishushe mu bumanuko, irashobora kuguma ikora neza mu bijanye n’amashanyarazi kandi ntizogira ingorane nk’ugukura kw’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma canke gusaduka bitewe n’uguhinduka gukomeye kw’ubushuhe. Ukwo gushobora guhindura ibidukikije gukomeye cane ni ikimenyamenya gihambaye c’uko imodoka z’Abayapani zishobora kwizigirwa.
Muri iki gihe, kubera ko ubutunzi bw’amavuta bw’imodoka buriko burarushiriza kwitwararikwa, gukoresha ivyuma bifise uburemere buke vyacitse uburyo buhambaye bwo guteza imbere inganda zikora imodoka. Kandi Toyota yaramaze kwitegura hakiri kare muri ivyo. Ikoresha ivyuma bidasanzwe bita thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) be n’ibindi bikoresho bitagira uburemere buke kugira ngo bigabanye cane uburemere bw’imirongo mu gihe bikora neza. Muri ico gihe nyene, ubuhinga bwo gukingira umuriro bufise uruhome rworoshe-ntibugabanya gusa ibikoresho bikoreshwa ariko kandi buragabanya umurongo w’inyuma w’imirongo. Dufashe akarorero umugozi wa 0.5mm2, uburebure bw’insulation bw’igikoresho ca Toyota ni 0.3-0.4mm gusa, ni ukuvuga 15%-20% y’umugozi wa kera. Ivyo bishobora kugabanya uburemere bw’iyo modoka n’ibilo vyinshi, bikaba bituma mu buryo butaziguye ikoresha neza amavuta.
Amategeko akomeye y’Ubuyapani yerekeye ibidukikije arakwiragira mu mice yose y’ibikorwa vy’inganda, kandi Nissan automobile Wire na yo nyene nta co ihindura. Kuva mu ntango nyene, ibintu bishobora gutera ingorane nk’ivyuma vy’amabuye y’agaciro n’ivyuma vy’amabuye y’agaciro (halogènes) birarindwa rwose. Ibikoresho vyo kwikingira umuriro bikoresha cane cane ivyuma bishobora gusubirwamwo canke ivyuma bifatanye n’umusaraba. Mu gihe c’uguhingura, hakurikizwa ubuhinga bwo guhingura ibintu bitagira ibinure vy’Abayapani, kandi iyo nzira iratunganirizwa neza kugira ngo hagabanuke imyanda y’ibikoresho. Uwo murongo wuzuye w’imiterere y’ugukingira ibidukikije ntuhuye gusa n’imigenderanire y’isi yose y’uguhingura ivyatsi bitotahaye, ariko kandi utuma Nissan automobile Wire ikunda cane amasoko nk’i Buraya na Amerika, aho ibisabwa vyo kurinda ibidukikije bikomeye cane.
3.Ivyitegererezo rusangi n'ibikorwa: "Ikarata y'ibikorwa" y'intsinga z'imodoka zisanzwe z'Abayapani
Umurongo w’imodoka w’Abayapani si igicuruzwa kimwe ahubwo ni umurongo w’ibicuruzwa wuzuye upfutse urutonde rwinshi, n’ibigereranyo bitandukanye bihuye n’ibintu bitandukanye vyo gukoresha. Ivyo bigaragaza cane ni AVS, AVSS, AEX n'ibindi bice, vyose hamwe bikaba bikora "neural network" y'umuyagankuba w'imodoka:
Ukwemera uburebure bw’ivyuma bikingiriza, birabereye ku bikoresho bisanzwe vy’umuriro muto-nk’umuco wo mu nzu n’ibikoresho vy’amajwi. Ni imiterere y'ishimikiro y'imiduga y'abagenzi y'Abayapani kandi yacitse imwe mu miduga ikoreshwa cane kubera ubushobozi bwayo buringaniye n'igiciro-ciza.
Igishushanyo c'umubumbe w'ivyuma vy'inkuta zitoyi-, kigaragara kubera ubushobozi bwaco bwo guhinduranya n'ivyiza vy'uburemere buke. Ikoreshwa cane cane mu bibanza bifise umwanya muto wo gushiramwo amawaya nk’ibikoresho vyo gukoresha n’ivyo gucungera umuryango, kandi ikunda gusangwa mu modoka zikomeye n’izindi modoka ntoyi zitwa SUV.
Hejuru-iherezo ubushuhe-ikigereranyo gishobora guhangana n'ubushuhe. Igikoresho co kwikingira c'umusaraba-gifatanye n'umusaraba kiratuma gishobora kwihanganira ubushuhe bushika kuri degre 120 . Ikoreshwa cane cane mu bidukikije vy'ubushuhe bwinshi-nk'ibibanza vya moteri kandi irabereye ku bigereranyo vya moteri zikora cane-nk'imoteri zikoresha turbocharged.
4.Insozero: Ivyiyumviro biva ku murongo w'imodoka z'Abayapani - Ivyiyumviro vy'ido n'ido bigena uburyo
Ivyo bisa n’umurongo w’imodoka usanzwe mu vy’ukuri birimwo ubukerebutsi bwimbitse mu bijanye n’uguhingura ibintu vy’inganda. Ukuroranirwa kw'imirongo y'imodoka za Toyota kuri ahanini mu gutahura neza ivyo abakoresha bakeneye no mu gukurikirana ingingo mfatirwako z'ubuhinga - zituma imodoka zikomeye zishobora guhindurwa neza, zituma zishobora guhangana n'ubushuhe mu bidukikije bifise ubushuhe bwinshi, zigabanya uburemere bw'ibikoresho vyo gukoresha neza amavuta, n'ibindi bisabwa kugira ngo zikoreshe neza amavuta.
Muri iki gihe, n’uguteza imbere imodoka nshasha zikoresha inguvu, imirongo y’imiduga ya Toyota na yo nyene iriko iratera imbere ijana ku bijanye n’umuvuduko munini n’uburemere buke, igafatanya cane n’ubuhinga bwo gukora ibintu bufise ubwenge be n’ubuhinga bushasha bwo gukora ibintu. Ubwo bushobozi buguma butera imbere bushobora kuba ari bwo buzotuma bushobora kubaho igihe kirekire kw’isoko ry’isi yose. Igihe kizoza nitwavuga ku buryo imodoka z'Abayapani zimeze, kuki tutokwiyumvira kuri iyo "centre nerveux" yihishije ibwina mu mubiri w'imodoka? Ugutunganya neza na neza ivyo bintu vy’ido n’ido ni kwo kwatumye umuntu agira izina ryiza ryo kwizigirwa.
